6  Quarto and {gt}

Quarto is great! It really is. It makes creating a variety of documents so much easier. For example, my blog runs on Quarto. So does this book.

I think one reason why Quarto works so smoothly is because it comes with so many useful default settings. That way, you can change aspects of your document’s appearance but you don’t have to. Unfortunately, as useful as these defaults are, they get a little bit annoying when using {gt} with Quarto. Take a look at how our penguin table from Chapter 1 renders in Quarto.

Code 
library(tidyverse)
## ── Attaching packages ─────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.3.2 ──
## ✔ ggplot2 3.4.0          ✔ purrr   0.3.5     
## ✔ tibble  3.1.8          ✔ dplyr   1.0.10    
## ✔ tidyr   1.2.1          ✔ stringr 1.4.1.9000
## ✔ readr   2.1.3          ✔ forcats 0.5.2     
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
library(gt)
penguins <- palmerpenguins::penguins |> filter(!is.na(sex))

penguin_counts <- penguins |> 
  mutate(year = as.character(year)) |> 
  group_by(species, island, sex, year) |> 
  summarise(n = n(), .groups = 'drop')

penguin_counts_wider <- penguin_counts |> 
  pivot_wider(
    names_from = c(species, sex),
    values_from = n
  ) |> 
  # Make missing numbers (NAs) into zero
  mutate(across(.cols = -(1:2), .fns = ~replace_na(., replace = 0))) |> 
  arrange(island, year) 

actual_colnames <- colnames(penguin_counts_wider)
desired_colnames <- actual_colnames |> 
  str_remove('(Adelie|Gentoo|Chinstrap)_') |> 
  str_to_title()
names(desired_colnames) <- actual_colnames

spanners_and_header <- function(gt_tbl) {
  gt_tbl |> 
    tab_spanner(
      label = md('**Adelie**'),
      columns = 3:4
    ) |> 
    tab_spanner(
      label = md('**Chinstrap**'),
      columns = c('Chinstrap_female', 'Chinstrap_male')
    ) |> 
    tab_spanner(
      label =  md('**Gentoo**'),
      columns = contains('Gentoo')
    ) |> 
    tab_header(
      title = 'Penguins in the Palmer Archipelago',
      subtitle = 'Data is courtesy of the {palmerpenguins} R package'
    ) 
}

penguin_table <- penguin_counts_wider |> 
  mutate(across(.cols = -(1:2), ~if_else(. == 0, NA_integer_, .))) |> 
  mutate(
    island = as.character(island), 
    year = as.numeric(year),
    island = paste0('Island: ', island)
  ) |> 
  gt(groupname_col = 'island', rowname_col = 'year') |> 
  cols_label(.list = desired_colnames) |> 
  spanners_and_header()  |> 
  sub_missing(missing_text = '-') |>
  summary_rows(
    groups = TRUE,
    fns = list(
      'Maximum' = ~max(.),
      'Total' = ~sum(.) 
    ),
    formatter = fmt_number,
    decimals = 0,
    missing_text = '-'
  )  |> 
  tab_options(
    data_row.padding = px(2),
    summary_row.padding = px(3), # A bit more padding for summaries
    row_group.padding = px(4)    # And even more for our groups
  ) |> 
  opt_stylize(style = 6, color = 'gray')

Penguins in the Palmer Archipelago
Data is courtesy of the {palmerpenguins} R package
Adelie Chinstrap Gentoo
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Island: Biscoe
2007 5 5 - - 16 17
2008 9 9 - - 22 23
2009 8 8 - - 20 21
Maximum 9 9 - - 22 23
Total 22 22 - - 58 61
Island: Dream
2007 9 10 13 13 - -
2008 8 8 9 9 - -
2009 10 10 12 12 - -
Maximum 10 10 13 13 - -
Total 27 28 34 34 - -
Island: Torgersen
2007 8 7 - - - -
2008 8 8 - - - -
2009 8 8 - - - -
Maximum 8 8 - - - -
Total 24 23 - - - -

But there is a workaround, right? Otherwise, how did I manage to write this Quarto book. Yes, there is a way. Let me teach you the two secret ingredients to save your {gt} tables from Quarto.

6.1 Convert table to HTML

As you have seen in Chapter 5 you can transform any {gt} table to HTML code with as_raw_html(). Let’s have a look how this compares to the regular output.

penguin_table |> as_raw_html()
Penguins in the Palmer Archipelago
Data is courtesy of the {palmerpenguins} R package
Adelie Chinstrap Gentoo
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Island: Biscoe
2007 5 5 - - 16 17
2008 9 9 - - 22 23
2009 8 8 - - 20 21
Maximum 9 9 - - 22 23
Total 22 22 - - 58 61
Island: Dream
2007 9 10 13 13 - -
2008 8 8 9 9 - -
2009 10 10 12 12 - -
Maximum 10 10 13 13 - -
Total 27 28 34 34 - -
Island: Torgersen
2007 8 7 - - - -
2008 8 8 - - - -
2009 8 8 - - - -
Maximum 8 8 - - - -
Total 24 23 - - - -
 
penguin_table |> as_raw_html()
Penguins in the Palmer Archipelago
Data is courtesy of the {palmerpenguins} R package
Adelie Chinstrap Gentoo
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Island: Biscoe
2007 5 5 - - 16 17
2008 9 9 - - 22 23
2009 8 8 - - 20 21
Maximum 9 9 - - 22 23
Total 22 22 - - 58 61
Island: Dream
2007 9 10 13 13 - -
2008 8 8 9 9 - -
2009 10 10 12 12 - -
Maximum 10 10 13 13 - -
Total 27 28 34 34 - -
Island: Torgersen
2007 8 7 - - - -
2008 8 8 - - - -
2009 8 8 - - - -
Maximum 8 8 - - - -
Total 24 23 - - - -

As you can see in the “Quarto Output” panel, as_raw_html() fixes most of the problems already. But notice that the regular table uses narrower line heights. So, as_raw_html() may not be enough. Behind the scenes, I applied the second secret ingredient to the “Regular output” panel. Let me tell you what I did.

6.2 Reset CSS styles.

The CSS code to reset any styles is style="all:initial;". T hus, you can wrap your code chunk into an HTML div with that style. So, what I wrote in my Quarto document looked something like

::: {style="all:initial;"}
    ```{.r}
    penguin_table |> as_raw_html()
    ```
:::

In the actual document, I would use {r} instead of {.r}. Also, you don’t need the indentation in front of the code chunk. This was just added here so that the code is displayed properly.

6.3 Apply style isolation to all {gt} outputs automatically

Obviously, you do not want to write as_raw_html() all the time. And that’s not what I did in this book. Thus, here’s a third bonus ingredient for you. What you’ll need to do is the following:

  • Write a function knit_print.gt(x, ...) that

    1. transforms a {gt} table into HTML,
    2. wraps the HTML code into a <div> with reseted style and
    3. applies knitr::asis_output() which ensures proper HTML output.

  • Overwrite the default {gt} output function with registerS3method().

```{r}
library(knitr)
knit_print.gt <- function(x, ...) {
  stringr::str_c(
    "<div style='all:initial';>\n", 
    gt::as_raw_html(x), 
    "\n</div>"
  ) |> 
    knitr::asis_output()
    
}
registerS3method(
  "knit_print", 'gt_tbl', knit_print.gt, 
  envir = asNamespace("gt") 
  # important to overwrite {gt}s knit_print
)
```

Once this code chunk is run, you don’t need to call as_raw_html() anymore. But if you do, then style="all:initial;" is not applied to the output. That’s because our change only affects those outputs that are {gt} tables and not HTML code (that may correspond to a {gt} table).

penguin_table |> as_raw_html()
Penguins in the Palmer Archipelago
Data is courtesy of the {palmerpenguins} R package
Adelie Chinstrap Gentoo
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Island: Biscoe
2007 5 5 - - 16 17
2008 9 9 - - 22 23
2009 8 8 - - 20 21
Maximum 9 9 - - 22 23
Total 22 22 - - 58 61
Island: Dream
2007 9 10 13 13 - -
2008 8 8 9 9 - -
2009 10 10 12 12 - -
Maximum 10 10 13 13 - -
Total 27 28 34 34 - -
Island: Torgersen
2007 8 7 - - - -
2008 8 8 - - - -
2009 8 8 - - - -
Maximum 8 8 - - - -
Total 24 23 - - - -
 
penguin_table
Penguins in the Palmer Archipelago
Data is courtesy of the {palmerpenguins} R package
Adelie Chinstrap Gentoo
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Island: Biscoe
2007 5 5 - - 16 17
2008 9 9 - - 22 23
2009 8 8 - - 20 21
Maximum 9 9 - - 22 23
Total 22 22 - - 58 61
Island: Dream
2007 9 10 13 13 - -
2008 8 8 9 9 - -
2009 10 10 12 12 - -
Maximum 10 10 13 13 - -
Total 27 28 34 34 - -
Island: Torgersen
2007 8 7 - - - -
2008 8 8 - - - -
2009 8 8 - - - -
Maximum 8 8 - - - -
Total 24 23 - - - -

Also, there is one more advantage of overwriting knit_print.gt(). This way, only the style of the output is reseted. But if you wrap your whole code chunk into ::: {style="all:initial;} the display of the code chunk is also affected.

This is what happened earlier. In case you haven’t notice, go back to Section 6.1 and compare the code chunks of the panels. The second one uses a smaller font.

6.4 A fallback plan

What happens if our strategy fails? Most of the time you can just add your own custom CSS code via opt_css(). This should overwrite Quarto’s defaults most of the time.

But there has been one case in this book where this did not work. Remember this table from the end of Chapter 4?

Code 
penguins_styled_tabspanner <- penguin_counts_wider |> 
  mutate(across(.cols = -(1:2), ~if_else(. == 0, NA_integer_, .))) |> 
  mutate(
    island = as.character(island), 
    year = as.numeric(year),
    island = paste0('Island: ', island)
  ) |> 
  gt(
    groupname_col = 'island', 
    rowname_col = 'year', 
    id = 'fixed-penguins'
  ) |> 
  cols_label(.list = desired_colnames) |> 
  tab_spanner(
    label = md('**Adelie**'),
    columns = 3:4
  ) |> 
  tab_spanner(
    label = md('**Chinstrap**'),
    columns = c('Chinstrap_female', 'Chinstrap_male'),
    id = 'chinstrap'
  ) |> 
  tab_spanner(
    label =  md('**Gentoo**'),
    columns = contains('Gentoo')
  ) |> 
  tab_header(
    title = 'Penguins in the Palmer Archipelago',
    subtitle = 'Data is courtesy of the {palmerpenguins} R package'
  ) |> 
  sub_missing(missing_text = '-') |>
  summary_rows(
    groups = TRUE,
    fns = list(
      'Maximum' = ~max(.),
      'Total' = ~sum(.) 
    ),
    formatter = fmt_number,
    decimals = 0,
    missing_text = '-'
  )  |> 
  tab_options(
    data_row.padding = px(2),
    summary_row.padding = px(3), # A bit more padding for summaries
    row_group.padding = px(4)    # And even more for our groups
  ) |> 
  opt_stylize(style = 6, color = 'gray') |> 
  tab_style(
    locations = cells_column_spanners(spanners = 'chinstrap'),
    style = cell_fill(color = 'dodgerblue')
  ) |> 
  opt_css(
    "#fixed-penguins th[id='<strong>Chinstrap</strong>'] > span {
        border-bottom-style: none;
      }
    "
  )
penguins_styled_tabspanner
Penguins in the Palmer Archipelago
Data is courtesy of the {palmerpenguins} R package
Adelie Chinstrap Gentoo
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Island: Biscoe
2007 5 5 - - 16 17
2008 9 9 - - 22 23
2009 8 8 - - 20 21
Maximum 9 9 - - 22 23
Total 22 22 - - 58 61
Island: Dream
2007 9 10 13 13 - -
2008 8 8 9 9 - -
2009 10 10 12 12 - -
Maximum 10 10 13 13 - -
Total 27 28 34 34 - -
Island: Torgersen
2007 8 7 - - - -
2008 8 8 - - - -
2009 8 8 - - - -
Maximum 8 8 - - - -
Total 24 23 - - - -

Notice that there is a grey border in the blue cell. This border should not be there as we have already included the CSS code to fix that. I’m not sure what’s going on there but here’s a fix.

I’ve written a (rudimentary) function make_tbl_quarto_robust() that

  • converts a {gt} table to HTML,
  • splits out the CSS part from that using text manipulation and
  • replaces all .gt_* classes with some other name so that Quarto can’t target it.
Code 
make_tbl_quarto_robust <- function(tbl) {
  # Get tbl html code (without the inline stuff)
  tbl_html <- tbl |>
    as_raw_html(inline_css = FALSE) 
  
  # Find table id
  tbl_id <-  str_match(tbl_html, 'id="(.*)"\\s')[,2] 
  
  # Split html so that we only replace strings in the css part at first
  # That's important for performance
  split_html <- tbl_html |> 
    str_split_1('<table class="gt_table".{0,}>')
  css_part <- split_html[1] |> 
    str_split_1('<style>')
  
  # Create regex to add table id
  my_regex <- str_c('(', tbl_id, ' )?(.* \\{)')
  replaced_css <- css_part[2] |>
    # Make global html changes more specific
    str_replace_all('html \\{', str_c(tbl_id, ' .gt_table {')) |> 
    # Make changes to everything specific to the table id
    str_replace_all(my_regex, str_c('\\#', tbl_id, ' \\2')) |> 
    # Replace duplicate names 
    str_replace_all(
      str_c('\\#', tbl_id, ' \\#', tbl_id),
      str_c('\\#', tbl_id)
    )
  
  # Put split html back together
  str_c(
    css_part[1], '<style>', 
    replaced_css, '<table class="gt_table">', 
    split_html[2]
  ) |> 
    # Rename all gt_* classes to new_gt_*
    str_replace_all('(\\.|class="| )gt', '\\1new_gt') |> 
    # Reformat as html
    html()
}

With this function we could do the same trick as before. This will give us the output we desire.

library(knitr)
knit_print.gt <- function(x, ...) {
  stringr::str_c(
    "<div style='all:initial';>\n", 
    make_tbl_quarto_robust(x), 
    "\n</div>"
  ) |> 
    knitr::asis_output()
    
}
registerS3method(
  "knit_print", 'gt_tbl', knit_print.gt, 
  envir = asNamespace("gt") 
  # important to overwrite {gt}s knit_print
)
penguins_styled_tabspanner
Penguins in the Palmer Archipelago
Data is courtesy of the {palmerpenguins} R package
Adelie Chinstrap Gentoo
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Island: Biscoe
2007 5 5 - - 16 17
2008 9 9 - - 22 23
2009 8 8 - - 20 21
Maximum 9 9 - - 22 23
Total 22 22 - - 58 61
Island: Dream
2007 9 10 13 13 - -
2008 8 8 9 9 - -
2009 10 10 12 12 - -
Maximum 10 10 13 13 - -
Total 27 28 34 34 - -
Island: Torgersen
2007 8 7 - - - -
2008 8 8 - - - -
2009 8 8 - - - -
Maximum 8 8 - - - -
Total 24 23 - - - -

But I really do not recommend this approach generally. It is a brute-force solution to a slightly annoying problem that will likely be fixed in the future anyway. Also, compared to as_raw_html() my function will likely not work for nested tables. Thus, I use my own function only when as_raw_html() and opt_css() fail me (which is rare).

6.5 Summary

Quarto and {gt} are great projects. But as it is right now, they do not always play well together. That’s no problem, though. As we have seen in this chapter, we can force them to play nicely like we want them to.

My guess is that less force will be necessary in the future. Both projects improve all the time. So, it is only a matter of time until this chapter becomes obsolete. Until then, I hope that you could find the solutions you were looking for in this chapter.